Jade is a treasure of the Chinese nation and one of the cultural characteristics of the Chinese nation. In the eight-thousand-year-old Chinese jade culture, Hetian jade has become an important carrier of politics, culture, morality and religion in the dynasties of the dynasties with its high quality and excellent quality, and it continues to this day. The function of the jade culture carrier of Hetian jade is expressed by its materialized product (jade). According to the different uses, Hetian jade can be divided into three categories: accessories, ornaments and utensils, as well as wrenches, pendants, bracelets, mountains, bottles, furnaces, and scent.
Among jewels and jade, single crystal gems have a single factor and stable physicochemical properties, so the factors affecting their value are relatively simple. For the quality evaluation of diamonds, the international standard 4C (color, clarity, weight and cut) can be quantitatively or semi-quantitatively determined, and the price will be determined. The international jewelry market will be released in about one month. The price of various grades of diamonds is relatively convenient. However, for jade, there is a lack of standard for uniform operation at home and abroad. Therefore, in the market, the price of jade or jewelry of the same quality is often very different and difficult to grasp. Hetian jade is different from single crystal gemstone. Hetian jade is a mineral aggregate composed of polycrystals. The composition of mineral particles is different in thickness, different in arrangement and uneven in distribution, which causes the color, structure, transparency and impurities of Hetian jade to vary. . The influence factors of Hetian jade raw materials are very complicated, and the influence of Hetian Yuyun's culture on value is even more difficult to grasp. This is the reason why “gold is valuable and jade is pricelessâ€. This paper attempts to extract and remove several factors that affect the value of Hetian jade, and extracts several important factors that determine the value of Hetian jade, and discusses it. It is expected to play a reference role in the evaluation of Hetian jade.
I. Factors affecting the value of Hetian jade raw materials
The factors that determine the value of Hetian jade jade materials include three parts: quality, origin, and production environment (production). The interaction and interaction of these three factors determine the value of jade raw materials.
1. quality
Quality level is an indicator of relative value, and there is no one-to-one correspondence between quality and value. Hetian jade's structure, transparency, luster, splitting, and sputum constitute the characteristics of Hetian jade. Since the mineral particles of the composition of Hetian jade are fine, the particles are invisible to the naked eye, and the crystal form can be seen only under the microscope, and is generally interwoven with a fibrous shape and a felt-like shape, so that the structure is very fine and the toughness is good. The factors affecting the price of Hetian jade raw materials are mainly five aspects: texture, color, gloss and transparency, blockiness (weight) and shape.
(1) Texture
Texture refers to the comprehensive performance of the composition of Hetian jade's mineral particles in terms of size, shape, uniformity and their relationship. High-quality Hetian jade articles require: dense, uniform, fine, translucent or micro-transparent, with no or little cleft palate, less clean impurities, less sputum; and low-quality Hetian jade requires less texture . According to the level of its texture, Hetian jade can be divided into four levels: special grade, first grade, second grade and third grade. The specific level division rules are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 and Tianyu texture classification
Level division standard
The special texture is fine and uniform, the grease is strong, translucent or slightly transparent, basically no cracking, impurities, ç‘•ç–µ
The first grade texture is fine, the grease is strong, translucent or slightly transparent, and the crack, impurities and flaws are less than 10%.
The secondary texture is fine, the grease is weak, the transparency is poor or too transparent, and the cracks, impurities, and flaws are less than 30%.
Grade III rough texture, waxy luster, poor transparency, splitting, impurities, ç‘•ç–µ more than 30%
(2) color
Color is an important factor in the evaluation of Hetian jade. According to the color and Tianyu, it is divided into eight categories. Generally speaking, it is better to use sheep white jade, white jade and topaz. Jasper and Moyu are the second, and sugar jade, sapphire and green white jade are again. It. In addition to white jade, the other seven categories require color to be observed and analyzed in terms of hue, concentration, purity, and uniformity. The color tone should be positive, not color cast, and no mottle; the evaluation of the density is in terms of color saturation. The requirements are pure and light; the evaluation of purity is generally the more pure, the better, the color cast is worse, such as green, with green is the best, gray green, blue and green are poor; uniformity requires uniform color. In addition, Hetian jade often appears in two or more colors. For example, when it has skin color and sugar color, the color is well matched, and the color is ingenious or novel, which can increase the color and even the value of the work. The color classification of Hetian jade is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 and Tianyu color classification
Level division standard
Special grade: color tone is positive, no color cast, no variegated color, uniform color, color color should be refreshing and bright, color saturation is suitable, and the color is reasonable.
Level 1: Color tone is positive, slightly color cast, no variegated color, color is basically uniform, color color should be refreshing and bright, color saturation is suitable, and pretty color is reasonable.
Level 2: color cast, variegated, uneven color, darker color, lower color saturation, barely matching
Level 3: The color is obviously color cast, the color is messy, uneven, the color color is dim, the color saturation is low, and the basic color is unreasonable.
Pretty color is an artistic creation of jade carving craft. It is based on the natural color and natural form of jade, which is based on materials and materials, and is created by materials and color changes. Factor restrictions. The creation of a good-looking work is very difficult and its value is high. In the evaluation of the use of the color, you can analyze the three levels according to the clever, two, and three. When evaluating jade articles with uncoordinated colors and non-conformity, it is necessary to fully realize that it is not a pretty one, but it becomes a "deaf". Not only does it have no added value, but it will depreciate.
(3) Gloss and transparency
Hetian jade has the characteristics of grease luster, glass luster and waxy luster. Among them, the best luster of grease can make jade look warm. Followed by the glass luster, and the waxy luster is not good. The superior Hetian jade is different from jade, mostly greased. If the grease is clear, the gloss is better. Hetian jade generally has low transparency, mostly from translucent to opaque, and can be divided into translucent, micro-transparent and opaque. Hetian jade is preferably translucent and micro-transparent. If it is waxy, the transparency is poor or too transparent, the second.
(4) Blockiness (weight)
The raw materials have a certain degree of blockiness, the bigger the more rare, the higher the value. Hetian jade, of the same texture and color, has a high value and a small value.
Table 3 and Tianyu block degree (weight) classification
Level division standard
Mountain material
Special grade>5kg>2kg
Level 5~3kg0.5~2kg
Level 3~0.5kg0.5~0.1kg
Three levels <0.5kg<0.1kg
(5) shape
The shape of the raw materials is limited, the choice of finished products will be limited, and the utilization rate of raw materials will have a certain impact, so the price of Hetian jade will have some impact, especially the feed, and the shape will be directly Affect the sales price. In general, raw materials with large block sizes and regular shapes, such as square, plate, and near-round, are better; sheets, wedges, and bars are not very good.
2. Place of origin
In determining the value of Hetian jade, the role played by the place of origin is very important. The place of origin in the gemstone industry is a trademark, which is especially important for high-quality jade materials, such as the different types of sheep fat white jade. The main source of Hetian jade currently on the market is China (mainly including Xinjiang, Qinghai, Liaoning), Russia, Canada, New Zealand, South Korea and other countries. The Hetian jade produced in different places is basically the same in terms of mineral composition, structure and physical properties, and there is almost no difference in instrumental test analysis. Due to the different thickness of mineral crystal particles and the composition of trace elements contained in Hetian jade from different places, there are some subtle differences in certain sensory properties such as color, transparency and texture. There is a big difference in the prices of raw materials from different regions. Generally speaking, in the case of similar texture, color, and blockiness, the market price of Hetian jade is in order of Xinjiang material, Russian material, and Qinghai material. Under normal circumstances, the former price of raw materials is higher or higher than the latter. Nearly ten times.
3. Output environment (production)
Hetian jade's output environment has a great influence on its value. According to the output environment, it is divided into two categories: primary or secondary.
(1) The primary ore is obtained from the mining of primary deposits. It is in the form of massive, irregular, angular and angular, without rounding and hull. Commonly known as "mountain material."
(2) The secondary ore is a remnant slope naturally exfoliated from the primary deposit or Hetian jade piled up by the glaciers. It is generally close to the primary ore, sub-angular, and has poor roundness. It usually has a thin hull and is more brittle. Large, commonly known as "mountain stream".
Naturally stripped from the original deposit, and weathered and transported to Hetian jade in the river, generally far from the original mine, it is round and pebbly, with good roundness, large block size, and can have different thicknesses of skin. Commonly known as "Zaiyu", "children". The skin is divided into colorless and colored. The skin is available in a variety of colors, including reddish brown, chestnut yellow, and black.
Naturally stripped from the original deposit, and weathered and transported to Hetian jade on the Gobi Desert, generally far from the original mine, sub-angular, less roundness, smaller block, wind erosion on the surface, no skin, commonly known as "Gobi material."
Generally speaking, in the case of similar texture, color, quality and other conditions, the market transaction price of Hetian jade is in turn, the materials, Gobi materials, and mountain materials.
Second, the design of Hetian jade
Good Hetian jade raw materials are precious, but only through the skillful craftsmanship of the craftsmanship can maximize the artistic value and commercial value, as Hetian jade business sayings, "Jade is not awkward, not a device." In Hetian jade carving work, design is the first important, more abstract, and a higher level of sublimation. Hetian jade jade is made of natural and produced Hetian jade stone, which is created by human wisdom and hands. It shows the superb skill of the jade carving master, the expression of the creator's thoughts and emotions, and the static visual image with higher aesthetic significance. It contains a profound auspicious meaning, reflecting social life, religious beliefs, folk traditions, and mapping the profound cultural connotations of the Chinese nation. The so-called design is a method of summarizing the law of the formation of artifacts and creating new values ​​according to the law. Process design is based on the dual values ​​of materialization and culture. It affects people's spirit and life through material instruments, thus forming the characteristics of social potential culture. The design of Hetian jade is mainly composed of creativity and styling. Such as the design of the Beijing Olympic medals. Therefore, in the design of Hetian jade, attention should be paid to the following three points:
1. The overall design should be based on the nature, shape, color and other materials of Hetian jade stone, in order to achieve the meaning of smashing, smashing, and skillful use.
2. Influenced by the profound history and history of Hetian jade, when using Hetian jade to design the theme, it should be based on fresh, dynamic and natural, fully reflecting the nobleness, closeness and sense of life of Hetian jade, such as the great water control in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. Yushan.
3. The shape of Hetian jade jade should be beautiful, natural, vivid, real and proportionate. The layout of the overall composition is reasonable, and the chapters must be sparse and dense, with distinct levels and prominent themes.
Third, the processing technology of Hetian jade
The processing technology of Hetian jade jade refers to the combination of various factors such as the proportion of jade finished products, smooth lines, and fineness of engraving and polishing.
1, processing
The jade is mainly made of hand-carved, and the jade material is integrated into the carving master's fine craftsmanship, and its value is greatly enhanced. Different jade carving people have different production techniques, their artistic value is very different, some may be worthless, and some may become waste products, and the amount of labor and the method used by the same jade carving artist in the production process are different. It will also affect the pros and cons of the production process and directly determine the value of the jade. The quality of the process directly determines the price of Hetian jade finished products. It is said to be “three-point raw materials and seven divisions of workâ€. Good jade materials must have good craftsmanship to fully reflect the perfection of jade. It should be noted that the pattern, line and proportion of jade carving jewelry are harmonious and unified, especially whether some figures, flowers and other patterns meet the requirements of the subject matter, whether the carving is simple and powerful or round, and whether the lines are generous, clear, smooth and expressive.
2. polishing
Whether the polishing is fine, smooth, and not scratching directly affects the luster of the jade, and the influence of Hetian jade on its value is also great. Because the beauty of Hetian jade is a natural beauty of nature, it is a deep, soft and subtle beauty that is slowly transmitted from the inside to the outside. Therefore, Hetian jade can produce a special aesthetic concept, and its appearance is mild and soft. The essence is rigid and infinite. That is, Hetian jade needs to be gentle and soft, and not as crystal clear as jade. The polishing process is actually a fine grinding operation involving polishing agents, polishing tools and polishing processes.
Fourth, other factors
1. Market monopoly
The jade dealers monopolized the Hetian jade market and carried out speculation to raise prices. For example, the price of Hetian jade feedstock soared, causing the value of the feedstock to be much higher than its due value.
2. Famous effect
The jade ornaments designed or carved by the famous jade carving masters show infinite creativity, ingenious ideas, smooth lines and exquisite workmanship, which make people love and forget to return. If there is a master who has personally settled the money, it must be a small ceiling, which can be called the best, and the great value it contains is self-evident.
3. social environment
A good macro-political and economic environment provides a good environment for jade investment, which is the so-called "chaotic gold in the chaos of the world. In recent years, with the development of the economy and the improvement of people's living standards, people's consumption of jewelry is becoming another hotspot after housing and cars. Hetian jade has become the darling of the collectible market.
In the past two decades, China's jewelry industry has achieved unprecedented development, from 100 million to nearly 100 billion yuan, and the number of employees has grown from 20,000 to 3 million. The Hetian jade market has also developed rapidly with the shareholder wind. In the future, the consumption of Hetian jade jewelry in China will maintain a strong growth momentum. China has the world's largest Hetian jade market. It can be said that China's Hetian jade consumption has dominated the international market.
4. Market demand
Market demand is influenced by factors such as Hetian jade's quality and rarity, tradition and fashion changes. For example, in the past three years, the jasper bracelet is more popular in the market. Because the green color is more suitable for the Chinese people's skin color, the demand for jasper bracelets has been greatly improved, especially the price of jasper bracelets with better quality has increased greatly.
5. Brand Value
Brand is the embodiment of the value and interests of customers. First of all, the Hetian jade brand must create the “service brand†and “craft brand†in the minds of consumers, and differentiate the brand through service and style to win consumers, thus achieving high added value of services and products, and ultimately in consumers. Achieving an incalculable brand value in mind.
As a special commodity, Hetian jade has few special companies in the industry due to its particularity in the procurement, processing, and sales of raw materials or finished products. There are very few well-known brands. Even so, the brand effect in the industry is still clearly visible. For example, Hehe jade and Guoyu are famous brands in Hetian jade industry in Xinjiang and even in the whole country. The same Hetian jade products are much higher in their stores than the average small stores, but the buyers are still in a constant stream.
6. Rarity
As the saying goes, "things are rare," this is the general rule that determines the value of goods. This rule also applies to the Hetian jade market. Hetian jade is a mineral resource of jade, which is a rare resource that is natural and non-renewable. In particular, the rarity of jade produced in Xinjiang is mainly manifested in two aspects: First, Hetian jade is rare. Hetian jade is produced on the Kunlun Mountains at an altitude of 5,000 meters south of the Taklimakan Desert. At present, it is still impossible to detect minerals above the snow line, and the mining of primary mines is difficult, and the materials are difficult to find. Second, Hetian jade has a better yield of jade and a large demand.
V. Summary
In short, the rich shape, varied decoration, exquisite technique and genre style of Hetian jade are unparalleled, and there are many factors influencing the value of Hetian jade, including the quality, origin and production of Hetian jade raw materials. The design and processing technology of Hetian jade, as well as market monopoly, famous effects, social environment, market demand, brand value, rarity, etc., are also affected by factors such as the development of the times, customs and personal preferences. Comprehensive consideration of the above factors, looking for ideas for the development of Hetian jade jade market value evaluation work.
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